English

Manual Kinesiology, MK is one of the branches of Kinesiologic Medicine.
Manual Kinesiology uses manual muscle testing to access information from the nervous system.
Manual Kinesiology, MK is built on the work that Lovett and Kendall started with manual muscle testing early this century and the work that George Goodheart, D.C., initiated with Applied Kinesiology, AK.

Manual muscle testing was originally developed by Dr. Robert Lovett M.D. and the American physiotherapists Henry and Florence Kendall.
In 1949 Kendall & Kendall published a classical reference work on the subject,
that has become the foundation of all muscle testing.
Kendall's used around 100 manual muscle tests in their work.

Applied Kinesiology was founded in 1964 by the American chiropractor George Goodheart, D.C. and is now used by chiropractors, osteopaths, medical doctors, dentists and others with a license to diagnose.

Some kinesiologists are further developing the use of manual muscle testing.
Especially in Clinical Kinesiology where Alan G. Beardall, D.C. developed another 250-300 new manual muscle tests.


Manual Kinesiology

Manual Kinesiology, MK was founded in 1995 by Mac Pompeius Wolontis (the director of the Swedish School of Specialized Applied Kinesiology in Stockholm, Sweden).

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Manual Kinesiology, MK is continuously working on developing new and more accurate manual muscle tests.
At the moment there are around 20 muscle tests that differs from Applied Kinesiology, AK and Clinical Kinesiology, CK.

Many single techniques from Manual Kinesiology are further developed from Applied Kinesiology, AK. They are either made more profound or easier to use.
Therefore previously knowledge of the basic parts of Applied Kinesiology is required in order to learn Manual Kinesiology, MK.

Another main part of Manual Kinesiology is the MK - Shortcut system.
The Shortcut-system was originally inspired by Dr. Sheldon Deal, D.C. and his use of single shortcuts within his Advanced Kinesiology.

The Manual Kinesiology Shortcut-system is a complete test and treatment system, focusing on structural, electrical, nutritional and autonomous nervous system dysfunctions.


Applied Kinesiology, AK muscle terminology

The traditional way of looking on a muscle test within Applied Kinesiology (George Goodheart) is that either it is strong or it is weak.
The last years Applied Kinesiology, AK have accepted that there are 3 different ways of testing for tonus in a muscle. A muscle can be weak or inhibited (to little tonus), strong and facilitated and finally hypertonic (to much tonus).


Manual Kinesiology, MK muscle terminology

Inhibition.
A manual muscle test that kinesiologists traditionally consider to be "weak" is called neurologically Inhibited in Manual Kinesiology, i.e. the alpha-motor neurons to the muscle receives a majority of hyperpolarizing IPSP, inhibitory postsynaptic potentials. The action potentials (nerve impulses) have a too low frequency (to low Hz) to be able to contract the muscle according to the increased pressure during the manual muscle test.

Excitation.
A manual muscle test that kinesiologists traditionally consider to be "strong" is called neurologically Excited, i.e.the alpha-motor neurons to the muscle receives a majority of depolarizing EPSP, excitatory postsynaptic potentials. The action potentials (nerve impulses) have a sufficient frequency (Hz = nerve impulses per second) to be able to contract the muscle according to the increased pressure during the manual muscle test.

Hyperexcitation.
A manual muscle test that kinesiologists sometimes consider to be "hypertonic" or "over-facilitated" is called neurologically Hyperexcited within Manual Kinesiology, i.e.the alpha-motor neurons to the muscle receives a majority of EPSP (excitatory postsynaptic potentials) but not enough of IPSPs. The action potentials (nerve impulses) have a too high frequency (Hz = nerve impulses per second) when contracting the muscle according to the increased pressure during the manual muscle test. Hyperexcitation is a state of abnormal excitation.
A muscle test that is neurologically Hyperexcited, is difficult to inhibit with different standard inhibition techniques.
The preferred method within MK, Manual Kinesiology, to test for hyperexcitation in a muscle test is the MK "Autogenic Inhibition test" which in a very easy way activates the golgi tendon organs.

Manual Kinesiology courses

Prerequisites for learning Manual Kinesiology is basic Applied Kinesiology training, preferably the ICAK "100 hour course".
The Manual Kinesiology, MK courses then covers around 100 additional hours of training.

Manual Kinesiology, MK is today only taught at the Swedish School of Specialized Applied Kinesiology in Stockholm.

Starting in 2003, MK will also be a small part of the 6 year full time curriculum at the College of Kinesiologic Medicine in Stockholm.

Thank you for your interest in Manual Kinesiology, MK!

Mac Pompeius Wolontis

Manual Kinesiology Organization
Gästrikegatan 11
SE - 113 62 Stockholm, Sweden
Phone: +46-8.339 669, Fax: +46-8.34 05 06,
Email: manual@kinesiology.org

This material is published on the WWW-Internet under copyright.
© copyright Manual Kinesiology Organization, Mac Pompeius Wolontis, Stockholm, Sweden, 2001